It can also refer to informal groups of Members of the House of Representatives or the Senate used to discuss common issues of concern and conduct policy planning for its members.
There are also regional, ideological, and ethnic-based caucuses in Congress.
And, in a broader, more global context, the caucus model is also employed in other democratic systems, albeit sometimes under different names.
Origin of “Caucus”
The term has a long history, dating back to the early days of American politics, and it has evolved to encapsulate a range of activities within both electoral politics and legislative processes.
It comes from the Algonquian language and means “to meet together.”
As William Harris wrote:
The term Caucus is first attested in the diary of John Adams in 1763 as a meeting of a small group interested in political matters, but William Gordon’s History of the Independence of the United States of America, 1788 speaks of the establishment of caucus political clubs as going back fifty years earlier than his time of writing in 1774, so a first-occurrence date for the caucus can be estimated in retrospect as early as 1724.
In the context of electoral politics, most notably the U.S. presidential primaries, a caucus is a form of participatory decision-making where registered voters assemble at a designated location to discuss and ultimately vote for their preferred candidate.
Unlike primary elections, where voting is done by secret ballot, caucuses are often public and can involve debate, persuasion, and sometimes multiple rounds of voting.
States like Iowa have become famous for their early caucuses, which act as bellwethers for the rest of the primary season.
The caucus system in this sense has been both lauded for its grassroots democratic nature and criticized for its complexity and potential to exclude those who cannot commit the time to attend.
Within legislative bodies such as the U.S. Congress, a caucus is a group of lawmakers united by common political goals, demographic characteristics, or specific policy interests.
These caucuses, like the Congressional Black Caucus or the Freedom Caucus in the House of Representatives, act as intra-party organizations that work to advance specific legislative agendas.
They often wield considerable power, especially if their size is large enough to sway the passage of legislation or the election of party leadership.
Use of “Caucus” in a sentence
Yahoo News (2024): “A caucus involves listening to speeches by representatives of each candidate's campaign, and then casting a ballot after that.”
NPR (January 14, 2024): “That preference of place is what Iowa has marketed so successfully for its caucuses for decades.”
Capital B News (2025): “There's a heaviness hanging over this year's Congressional Black Caucus conference, as U.S. Rep. Troy Carter of Louisiana and other caucus members talk strategy ahead of the midterms just months away.”